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data
base model
A set of
rules and structures for representing the real world in digital
form. Common database models include: relational, hierarchical,
network, and object-oriented.
Geographic
Visualization (geovisualization)
(1)
"the use of concrete visual representations whether on paper or
through computer displays or other media to make spatial contexts
and problems visible, so as to engage the most powerful of human
information-processing abilities, those associated with vision
(MacEachren and others, 1992, p. 101); (2) "a form of information
visualization that emphasizes development and assessment of visual
methods designed to facilitate exploration, analysis, synthesis,
and presentation of geo-referenced information" (MacEachren and
the ICA Commission on Visualization, 1998, www.geog.psu.edu/ica/icavis/poland1.html).
knowledge
construction:
the active
process of manipulating 'data' (which can include quantitative
and qualitative abstract representations of real world phenomena)
to arrive at abstract models of relationships among phenomena
in the world that facilitate our understanding of those phenomena
and, ultimately, of the world.
Knowledge
Discovery in Databases (KDD):
"the non-trivial
process of identifying valid, novel, potentially useful, and ultimately
understandable patterns in data" (Fayad, et al., 1996,
p. 6)
multi-dimensional
(analysis):
analysis
considering more than one variable simultaneously in an effort
to classify the data, with each variable representing one dimension.
This is in contrast to analysis where one variable (a response
variable) is examined in relation to a number of other variables
(explanatory variables), or analysis where multiple variables
are simplified to fewer variables (multivariate analysis).
object
oriented:
a computing
paradigm prominent in programming, information science, and software
engineering (among other computer-oriented fields); the object-oriented
approach models a domain of interest as composed of a set of discrete
and inter-related objects, each of which posesses a unique identity,
a state (i.e. characteristics that describe the object), and a
set of behaviors.
remote
sensing
In its broadest
sense, remote sensing is the technique of obtaining information
about objects through the analysis of data collected by special
instruments that are not in physical contact with the object of
investigation. Typically, information about the earth's surface
and atmosphere are collected from either a plane or a satellite
in a range of electromagnetic wavelengths: radio, microwave, infrared,
visible, and ultraviolet. This data can be captured either to
film (air photos) or digital sensors (satellites).
spatial
analysis:
Analysis
(usually statistical) taking into account relative spatial location
of observations as well as variables relating to the primary phenomenon
being studied.
spatio-temporal
Literally,
space and time. Spatio-temporal data has both a spatial
(i.e. location) and a temporal (i.e. day of year) component.
Tempest
Tempest is
a prototype temporal GIS developed here at Penn State in the Department
of Geography. It focuses on the management and analysis of large
volumes of spatiotemporal data. It supports queries with both
spatial and temporal predicates, which can be constructed through
a graphical user interface. It features an extensive set of time
series analysis of spatial variables. Tempest is developed using
C++, Tcl/Tk and the Wisconsin Shore object storage manager.
unsupervised
classification:
Any classification
method where the algorithm determines the criteria for classification
by examining the data. This is in contrast to supervised classification
methods where an analyst provides criteria for classification.
VRML:
Virtual Reality
Modeling Language (VRML) is used to create realistic three dimensional
"worlds" that permit unrestricted movement through a computer
simulated environment. VRML is not a collection of individual
images (like a movie) but a set of mathematical coordinates and
formulas used by computers to render complex three-dimensional
worlds on-the-fly. As such, VRML is well suited to the Internet
and is increasing in popularity.
OTHER ONLINE
GLOSSARY RESOURCES
http://www.geo.ed.ac.uk/agidict/alpha.html
http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/GIS/gisterm.html
ftp://ftp.esri.com/pub/marketing/misc/glossary.pdf
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