Commission
on Visualization - Report 1998
Terms
of Reference
Publications
Meetings (spring 1997 - spring 1998)
Themes & Presentations
Developing a Research Agenda
Finance
Future of the Commission
Comments
Chair:
Alan M. MacEachren, Penn State University, USA;
Co-chair: Menno-Jan Kraak, ITC, The Netherlands
Executive Committee Liaison: D. R. Fraser Taylor
Committee
Members:
Baranowski,
Marek , Director, UN/UNEP GRID, WARSAW, Poland; e-mail: marekb@plearn.bitnet
William
Cartwright, Department of Land Information, RMIT University, 124 LaTrobe
St., Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 3000;
e-mail: w.cartwright@rmit.edu.au
Antonio
Camara, Environmental Systems Analysis Group, New University of Lisbon,
2825 Monte de Caparica, Portugal;e-mail:
asc@mail.fct.unl.pt
Peter
Fisher, Department of Geography, University of Leicester, Leicester,
LE2 1TF, UK; e-mail: pff1@leicester.ac.uk
Rhyne,
Theresa, Marie , e-mail: trhyne@3rdtech.com
Corresponding Members:
Gennady
L. Andrienko - GMD , German National Research Center for Information
Technology Schloss Birlinghoven, Sankt, Augustin, D, 53754 Germany
e-mail: gennady.andrienko@gmd.de
Andrzejewska,
Maria , UN/UNEP GRID, WARSAW, Poland; e, mail: gridw@pleaarn.bitnet
Arnberg,
Wolter , Department of Physical Geography, University of Stockholm,
Sweden; e, mail: arnberg@natgeo.su.se
Artimo,
Kirsi , Department of Surveying, Helsinki Institute of Technology,
Finland
Bishop,
Ian , Centre for GIS and Modeling, Australia; e, mail: ian, bishop@mac.unimelb.edu.au
Blok,
Connie , Cartography Division, ITC, The Netherlands; e, mail: BLOK@ITC.NL
Board,
Christopher , Department of Geography, London School of Economics
and Political Science, UK; e, mail: C.Board@lse.ac.uk
Brewer,
Cindy , Department of Geography, Penn State University, US; e, mail:
cbrewer@essc.psu.edu
Buttenfield,
Barbara , Department of Geography, University of Colorado, Boulder,
CO, US
Buziek,
Gerd , Institute of Cartography, University of Hannover, Germany;
e, mail: buziek@sepp.ifk.uni, hannover.de
Carr,
Dan , Statistics, George Mason University, US; e, mail: dcarr@voxel.galaxy.gmu.edu
Carter,
Jim , Geography/Geology Department, Illinois State University, Normal,
IL 61790, 4400; e mail: jrcarter@rs6000.cmp.ilstu.edu
Cartwright,
Bill , Australia; e, mail: w.cartwright@rmit.edu.au
Chambon,
Pascal , Centre Inter, Regional du Midi, Mediterraneen, Institute
Geographique National, France
Cheremisina,
Eugenia , Geoinformatics Laboratory, State Scientific Center of Russian
Federation, Russia; e, mail:misha@dep12.geosys.msk.ru
DiBiase,
David , Department of Geography, Penn State University, US; e, mail:
dibiase@essc.psu.edu
Dorling,
Danny , Dept. of Geography, The University, University Road, Bristol,
BS8 1SS, UK; e, mail: dorling@gma.bris.ac.uk
Dykes,
Jason , Department of Geography, University of Leicester, Leicester,
LE2 1TF, UK;
Gehegan,
Mark - Geographic Information Science, Curtin University of Technology,
GPO Box U 1987, Perth 6845, Western Australia. email: mark@cs.curtin.edu.au
Filippakopoulou,
Dr. Bessie, Dept. Surv. / Carto. Lab., National Technical University
of Athens, Iroon Polytechniou 9, GR , 157 80 Zografos, Greece, e,
mail: bnakos@central.ntua.gr
Fairbairn,
David , Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; e, mail: dave.fairbairn@newcastle.ac.uk
Howard,
David , Department of Geography, Penn State University, US; e, mail:
dwh24@psuvm.psu.edu
Jiang,
Bin (China) , current address: Institute of Geographic Sciences, Free
University of Berlin, Germany; e, mail: bjiang@gauss.geog.fu, berlin.de
Keller,
Peter , Department of Geography, University of Victoria; e, mail:
pkeller@office.geog.uvic.ca
Khoziainov,
Michael , State Scientific Center of Russian Federation, Russia
Kimerling,
Jon , Department of Geosciences, Oregon State University, Corvalis,
OR 97311; e, mail: kimerlia@bcc.orst.edu
Koussoulakou,
Alexandra , Department of Cadastre, Photogrammetry & Cartography,
University of Thessaloniki, Greece; e, mail: kusulaku@vergina.eng.auth.gr
Kriz,
Karel , Geography Department, University of Vienna, Austria; e, mail:
kriz@atlas.gis.univie.ac.at
Krygier,
John , Department of Geography, State University of New York, Buffalon
NY, e, mail: jkrygier@geog.buffalo.edu
Monmonier,
Mark , Department of Geography, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY;
e, mail: mon2ier@syr.edu
Olson,
Judy , Department of Geography, Michigan State University, US; e,
mail: 20589JMO@msu.edu
Peterson,
Michael P. , Department of Geography, University of Nebraska, Omaha,
Omaha, NE 68182, US; e, mail: geolib@cwis.unomaha.edu
Sarjakoski,
Tapani , Cartography and Geoinfomatics, Finnish Geodetic Institute,
Finland; e, mail: tapani.sarjakoski@csc.fi
Slocum,
Terry , Department of Geography, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS;
e, mail: slocum@falcon.cc.ukans.edu
Stephan,
Eva, Maria , Department of Geography , GIS, University of Zurich,
Switz.; e, mail: stephan@gis.geogr.unizh.ch
Une,
Hiroshi , International Affairs Office, Geographical Survey Institute,
Japan; e, mail: une@gsi, mc.go.jp
Unwin,
Anthony , Lehrstuhl fuer Rechnerorientierte Statistik und Datenanalyse,
Institut fuer Mathematik der Universitaet Augsburg, Germany; e, mail:
Unwin@Uni, Augsburg.DE
van der
Wel, Frans , Universiteit, Geogr. Inst. Kartografie, The Netherlands;
e, mail: f.vanderwel@frw.ruu.nl
Wood,
Michael , University of Aberdeen, Scotland, UK; e, mail: geo125@abdn.ac.uk
Zentai,
Laszlo , Department of Cartography, Eotvos University, Budapest, Hungary;
e, mail: zetor@ludens.elte.hu
Terms
of Reference:
- To
study and report on the changing and expanding role of maps in science,
decision making, policy formulation, and society in general due to
the advent of intelligent dynamic maps that are designed as visual
thinking/decision, support tools.
- To
investigate and report on the links between scientific visualization
and cartographic visualization and identify ways to facilitate exchange
of ideas between cartographers and others working on problems in visualization.
- To
organize workshops and/or seminars for exploring the issues cited
above and facilitate transfer of cartographic visualization principles
and technology at the international level.
- To
establish a World Wide Web (WWW) site directed to disseminating results
of research on cartographic visualization and examples of cartographic
visualization products.
- To
produce appropriate publications for dissemination of results of the
above efforts.
We have
made considerable progress with regard to our original terms of reference.
Each has been addressed in some detail. The first two terms of reference
are open ended ones that result in an evolution of goals as progress
is made.
In addition
to the meetings/workshops and publications described below, the Commission
has developed a collaboration with ACM-SIGGRAPH and through that collaboration
has contributed to the formation of an official "GeoVRML"
working group of the VRML (virtual reality modeling language) Consortium.
The collaboration with ACM-SIGGRAPH focuses on exploring how viewpoints
and techniques from the computer graphics community can be effectively
applied to cartographic and spatial data sets -- an effort labeled
the "Carto Project." The project seeks viewpoints from the computer
graphics community on technology (including hardware and software)
and techniques that will impact and can be applied to cartographic
visualization. During the 1997 year, a survey on cartographic and
geographic visualization was conducted and reported upon and (at ACM
SIGGRAPH 97) a "Birds of a Feather" session was held to
discuss the survey and other issues (see below). It was during this
session that the idea of a GeoVRML Working group was first proposed
(for more details on that activity, see: http://www.ai.sri.com/~leei/geovrml/).
During
the remainder of the Commission’s term, we will continue work
on developing a Research Agenda for Visualization (started at our
meeting in June, 1997), produce a special issue of the International
Journal for Geographic Information Science, continue our involvement
in the ACM-SIGGRAPH collaboration and the GeoVRML Working Group activities,
and organize a meeting of the Commission (in spatial and temporal
proximity to the ICA meeting in Ottawa).
Publications
A special
issue of Computers & Geosciences was produced in print, CD-ROM,
and WWW forms. It was published in June, 1997. We requested that a
copy of the issue be sent to the Publication Committee and to members
of the ICA Executive Committee.
Two
special visualization paper sessions were organized in conjunction
with the Polish Spatial Information Association meeting held in Warsaw
in May, 1998. The papers from those sessions were published in the
proceedings of the meeting (most appeared in both Polish and English).
This
meeting was immediately followed by a Commission meeting/workshop
and, as noted above (and discussed in more detail below under "meetings"),
we have a special journal issue derived from this workshop planned
for publication in summer 1998.
Meetings
(spring 1997 - spring 1998)
Report
on the International Cartographic Association Commission on Visualization
Workshop in Gävle, Sweden, June 18-21, 1997 [prepared June, 1997]
At our
initial Commission on Visualization meeting in Delft (Sept. 1996),
we focused on discussion of working papers that represented the range
of research being pursued by commission members and others who had
responded to our call for working papers on exploratory cartographic
visualization and on developing an initiative in desktop virtual reality.
In addition, our collaboration with ACM, SIGGRAPH on the "Carto Project"
was initiated. One result of that meeting was the special print/CD/WWW
issue of Computers & Geosciences on Exploratory Cartographic Visualization
published in June 1997.
Our
goals for the meeting held in Gävle were more focused. Emphasis
was on discussing research priorities and developing a research agenda
that identifies research priorities associated with developing and
using cartographic visualization methods and tools. The meeting format
divided our three days into modules during which we discussed progress
on the Carto Project, addressed specific research themes, and considered
future activities and meetings. In relation to the Carto Project,
Theresa, Marie Rhyne presented results of an initial survey of those
applying visualization to georeferenced data. Results of the survey
are posted on our WWW site.
Prior
to the meeting, four key research themes were selected for specific
attention: animation theory and its application to spatio, temporal
analysis, multimedia and visualization, georeferenced desktop virtual
reality, and visualization of uncertainty. The last, visualization
of uncertainty has occupied the attention of several visualization
commission members in the past, but a variety of circumstances resulted
in only one formal presentation during the meeting that dealt directly
with this issue. For the remaining three themes, we began with a set
of presentations of ongoing research, followed with break, out groups
during which participants focused on specific topics/questions suggested
by theme leaders and/or discussed possible research priorities associated
with that theme. These small group discussions were followed by summaries
to the full group and group discussion.
Themes
& Presentations
Theme
leaders and presenters associated with each theme are listed below.
- Animation
Theory And Its Application To Spatio-Temporal Analysis (Menno, Jan
Kraak)
Connie
Blok , Dynamic Visualization Variables in Animations; Their Use for
the Monitoring of Spatio, Temporal Data
Gerd
Buziek , Experiences in the design of legends for cartographic animations
Alan
MacEachren & Donna J. Peuquet , Integrating GIS and Visualization
for Analysis of Space/Time Environmental Data.
- Visualization
of Uncertainty (Alan MacEachren)
Lucy
Bastin, Pete Fisher and Jo Wood , Visualization of fuzzy spatial information
in spatial decision making
- Georeferenced
Desktop Virtual Reality (David Fairbairn and Antonio Camara, the latter
helped organize activities on this theme, but was not able to attend
the meeting)
Theresa,
Marie Rhyne, Future Encounters: Visualizing Integrated Scientific
Information
Kate
Moore (presented by Jason Dykes) , Using Java to Interact with Geo,
Referenced VRML
Bin
Jiang, VENUE, Virtual Environment for Urban Environment
Jorge
Nelson Neves, Virtual Environments and Geographical Representation
Dave
Fairbairn, Virtual Reality and Generalization
- Multimedia
& Visualization (William Cartwright)
Alexandra
Koussoulakou , The use of Multimedia in Department of Cadastre, Photogrammetry
and Cartography of the University of Thessaloniki
Michael
P. Peterson , Maps and Multimedia on the World Wide Web
William
Cartwright , Multimedia Extensions to Geographical Information Depiction
Research and Development at RMIT
Developing
a Research Agenda
After
the first two days of the meeting, participants were asked to submit
a list of one to three key research topics that they saw as priorities.
These individual contributions together with discussions in the break,
out sessions and full group discussions were used to begin the process
of working toward a consensus on an overall research agenda
Based
on all of the discussions and input received, MacEachren and Kraak
organized suggestions for research priorities into four major themes:
Representation
Interface
design
Database
, visualization links
Cognitive
aspects of visualization tool use
An outline
of suggested research priorities within each theme was presented and
discussed at the Commission's open meeting in Stockholm on Thurs.
June 26. A mechanism for elaborating the research agenda was planned.
Participants
at the Gävle meeting:
Alan
M. MacEachren (Penn State, Geography , US); Menno, Jan Kraak (ITC,
Geoinformatics , Netherlands); Theresa, Marie Rhyne (Lockheed Martin/EPA
, US); William Cartwright (RMIT, Land Information Systems , Australia);
Nelson Neves (Environmental Systems Analysis Group , Portugal); Lucy
Bastin (U of Leicester, Geography , UK); Jason Dykes (U of Leicester,
Geography , UK); Marek Baronowski (UN GRID , Poland); Maria Andrzejewska
(UN GRID , Poland); Alexandra Koussoulakou (Aristotle U of Thessaloniki,
School of Engineering , Greece); Robert E. Kuunders (Delft U of Technology,
Netherlands); Gerd Buziek (Universitaet Hannover, Institut fuer Kartographie
, Germany); Connie Blok (ITC, Geoinformatics , Netherlands); Bin Jiang
(Free University Berlin, Inst. of geographic sciences , Germany);
David Fairbairn (U of Newcastle, Surveying , UK); Fraser Taylor (executive
liaison); Mike Wood (ICA President); >From University College Gävle,
Sandviken: Patrick Ottoson, Johannes Keukelaar, Anna Lundquvist, Mark
Ollila, Jie Shan
Report
on the August 6, 1997 ACM-SIGGRAPH "Birds of a Feather"
session organized jointly by the ACM-SIGGRAPH Carto Project and the
Commission. [Prepared by Theresa, Marie Rhyne, Carto Project Director,
Director, at, Large, ACM SIGGRAPH, & Member, ICA Commission on
Visualization and David A. Taylor, Carto Project Administrator]
In conjunction
with SIGGRAPH 97, the Carto Project birds, of, a, feather session
was held in Room 305 of the Los Angeles Convention Center at 1:00
p.m. on August 6,1997. Theresa, Marie Rhyne, SIGGRAPH Director, at,
Large and director of the Carto Project, started the session with
an overview of the project that included Carto history, objectives,
and accomplishments to date. A synopsis of the Carto Project Survey
results was also presented. Theresa, Marie concluded her formal remarks
by soliciting input from attendees about the future direction of the
Carto Project, and about project goals for 1997, 98. For more Web
information on the Carto Project see: (http://siggraph.org/~rhyne/carto/cartosurv.html).
Alan
MacEachren, of Pennsylvania State University and the International
Cartographic Association *(ICA)*, briefly described ICA's perspective
on the cartographic representation of data stored in large geographic
data bases. Alan explained that the ICA's Commission on Visualization
is also looking at cognitive issues as they relate to cartographic
data representation. >From more Web information on the ICA's Commission
on Visualization, see: (http://www.geog.psu.edu/icavis.html)
.
The
third and final speaker was Jason Dykes, of the University of Leicester
in the United Kingdom. Jason discussed work being done by him and
his colleagues toward the development of GeoFunctions, which are intended
to provide "geographic functionality for VR(ML)." They are also working
toward the development of tools to apply GIS/carto, graphic techniques
in an educational context. Please see: (http://severn.geog.le.ac.uk/mek/VRGeoFunctions.html)
.
Following
the presentations by the three speakers, a lively question, and, answer
forum developed. Much of the discussion centered on problems surrounding,
and initiatives, tools, and procedures for facilitating, the sharing
of data produced by different tools in diverse environments. Although
there was little consensus about prospects for the development of
such tools, it was generally agreed that they are needed. And while
it was acknowledged that much current work focuses on VRML, it was
felt that the extent to which VRML will become pervasive is still
open to question.
In
bringing the session to closure, Theresa, Marie re, focused the group
on the question of Carto Project goals. Three broad objectives were
sited for which it was felt Carto could serve as a focal point: (1)
standardization of data representation among and between various systems;
(2) establishment of data standards for computer graphic and cartographic
applications; and (3) tracking of trends in the adoption of VRML by
the computer graphics and cartographic communities. Theresa, Marie
agreed that the Carto Project would serve as a collection point for
information about these three areas of interest, and would post such
information on the Carto Project pages of the SIGGRAPH web site.
In
conclusion, Theresa, Marie announced that a Carto Project birds-of-a-feather
session will be convened at SIGGRAPH 98, which will be held July 19,
24, 1998, in Orlando, Florida. At that time, another progress report
will be delivered, and further discussion on topics of mutual interest
will be held.
Report on the
International Cartographic Association Commission on Visualization
Workshop in Warsaw, Poland: May 21-23, 1998
The
primary objective for the meeting held in Warsaw was to share results
of research focused on aspects of the Research Agenda outlined in
Gävle, Sweden June 18-21, 1997. We would like to formally thank
our local hosts, Marek Baranowski, Director of UN/UNEP GRID, WARSAW,
Maria Andrzejewska (also of GRID), and Dr. A. Linsenbarth, the Director
of the Institute of Geodesy & Cartography.
The
specific themes concentrated upon at the meeting were animation and
virtual reality for the WWW. The meeting was organized in a manner
similar to that used successfully at our Delft, 1996 meeting. As with
the Delft meeting we had a goal of producing a journal special issue.
In our call for participation, potential contributors were asked to
post working papers on the WWW. During the meeting, each paper was
presented and discussed in detail. In most cases the author presented
the paper and another attendee served as both discussant and moderator
of open discussion. For some papers the author was not able to attend.
In these cases, the discussant began with a summary of the paper (making
use of WWW connections to access static and dynamic figures).
The
following papers were presented and discussed:
Theresa
Marie Rhyne & Thomas Fowler: Geo, VRML Visualization: A Tool for
Spatial Data Mining
Mark
Gahegan: Four Barriers to the Development of Effective Exploratory
Visualization Tools for the Geosciences
William
Cartwright: Can the Map Metaphor Be Extended Using Web Delivered Multimedia?
Research Questions for Multimedia Cartography
Michael
Peterson: Active Legends For Interactive Cartographic Animation
Natalia
and Gennady Andrienko: Interactive Maps for Visual Data Exploration
Mark
Harrower and Alan M. MacEachren: (incomplete draft of: Exploratory
Data Analysis and map animation: Using temporal brushing and focusing
to facilitate learning about global weather
Sven
Fuhrmann & Werner Kuhn: The Design of Everyday Maps
Gerd
Buziek and Carsten Hatger: Interactive animation and digital cartometry
by VRML 2.0 and JAVA within a temporal environmental model on the
basis of a DTM of the Elbe estuary and a 12 hour tide period
Jaakko
Kähkönen, Tiina Kilpeläinen, and Tapani Sarjakoski:
Interactive Multimedia Displays for Visualization of Multiple Representation
Geo, Databases on the Internet
Ian
Bishop, SM Ramasamy, Paul Stephens, Shobhit Chandra, Bernie Joyce:
Visualization of 8000 years of geological history in Southern India
Connie
Blok & Barend Kobben: A Web Cartography Forum: an evaluation site
for visualization tools
Edward
Verbree, Gert van Maren, Rick Germs, Frederik Jansen, Menno, Jan Kraak:
Interaction in virtual world views , linking 3D GIS with VR
J. A.
Dykes, K. E. Moore & J. D. Wood: Virtual Environments for Student
Fieldwork Using Networked Components
In addition
to paper presentations and discussion, time was also devoted to discussing
longer term Commission activities. Topics of particular attention
were the Commission’s contributions to the GeoVRML working group
(several members have agreed to organize a proposal for a panel or
workshop on GeoVRML for the 1999 VRML Conference to be held in Germany),
the upcoming Birds of a Feather session at SIGGRAPH 98 (July, 1998),
next steps in elaborating the Commission Research Agenda, and plans
for a Commission meeting in 1999 (to be held in spatial and temporal
proximity to the Ottawa ICA meeting).
Prior
to the Commission Meeting, several Commission members and other ICA
representatives participated in a pair of special paper sessions on
Visualization that were part of the Annual Meeting of the Polish Spatial
Information Association. Authors and titles are listed below:
A.M.
MacEachren Visualization Cartography for the 21st Century
M.,
J. Kraak Exploratory Cartography: Maps As Tools For Discovery
T, M.
Rhyne Collaborative Geographic Visualization: 3D Web, Based Exploration
W. Cartwright
Towards a procedure for the evaluation of multimedia mapping products
G. Buziek
The Design Of A Cartographic Animation Experiences And Results
G. Andrienko
DESCARTES , Intelligent Mapping and Visual Data Exploration in the
Internet
J.M.
Anderson, K.Francis, E. Siekierska, D. Williams Canadian Electronic
Atlases: A Study Of The Cartographic Visualization Of Geospatial Information
For Educational Use
M. Andrzejewska,
M. Baranowski Visualization of Environmental Information
Participants
at the Warsaw meeting: Alan M. MacEachren (Penn State, Geography ,
US); Menno, Jan Kraak (ITC, Geoinformatics , Netherlands); Theresa,
Marie Rhyne (Lockheed Martin/EPA , US); William Cartwright (RMIT,
Land Information Systems , Australia); Marek Baronowski (UN GRID ,
Poland); Jason Dykes (U of Leicester, Geography , UK); Maria Andrzejewska
(UN GRID , Poland); Gerd Buziek (Universitaet Hannover, Institut fuer
Kartographie , Germany); Connie Blok (ITC, Geoinformatics , Netherlands);
Edward Verbree (Delft University of Technology - Netherlands); Gennady
L. Andrienko (German National Research Center for Information Technology,
Germany); Ian Bishop (Centre for GIS and Modeling, Australia); Sven
Fuhrmann Institute for Geoinformatics, University of Muenster, Germany);
Jaakko Kahkonen (Department of Cartography and Geoinformatics, Finnish
Geodetic Institute, Finland); Jacek Paslawski, Department of Cartography,
Warsaw University)
Finance
At this
point, we have not used the ICA funds requested for commission activities
(primarily due to difficulties in setting up an account into which
they can be deposited and drawn upon -- in the U.S., use of a commercial
bank account creates complications with our Internal Revenue Service).
We have, however, incurred expenses that need to be reimbursed and
plan to make use of remaining allocated funds during the last year
of the commission to reimburse expenses for continued commission administration
and to finance aspects of the planned 1999 Commission meeting (which
may require rental of some computer equipment). A solution for handling
the funds has been arrived at (following communications with Jean-Philippe
Grelot and with the financial office at Penn State University, funds
will be deposited in a research account at the Penn State).
Future
of the Commission
The
Commission has been very active. Its focus is on the dramatic changes
to cartography that are resulting from the advent of intelligent dynamic
maps that are designed as visual thinking/decision, support tools.
These changes are still under way and there are many unanswered questions.
We plan to develop a proposal for a second 4-year term in order to
build upon the progress made thus far.
Comments
In carrying
out our terms of reference, we have encountered one significant impediment
to commission work -- related to ICA publications policy. We request
the ICA Executive Committee to reevaluate policies on publications
(and the publication contract that the ICA has entered into). The
opinion of our Commission is that the current contract with Elsevier
is not in the best interests of the ICA. If the Commissions and Working
Groups whose terms of reference focus on research are to have credibility
in the international scientific community, it is essential that they
be able to publish the results of their work in leading cartographic
and other Geographic Information Science (Geoinformatics) journals.
While
it seems quite reasonable for the ICA to have an exclusive contract
with a single publisher for publication of books resulting from commission
activities, such an exclusive contract should not apply to special
issues of journals (particularly since the current publisher, Elsevier,
does not publish a cartographic journal). Having ICA sponsored special
issues of major international journals is an ideal way to raise the
profile of ICA in the overall GIScience community. Forcing Commission
sponsored research into a journal that is not usually read by those
in the GIScience community does the opposite. It gives the impression
that research by those active in ICA is either not central to what
is happening in GIScience more broadly or is of insufficient quality
to be published in major journals (or both).
